Army-level low-to-medium-range area defense system 3K9 Kub (NATO designation SA-6 'Gainful').

Front-level medium-to-high-altitude area defense system 9K8 Krug (NATO designation SA-4 'Ganef').

The new doctrine listed five requirements: In the face of a powerful and modern American air force, carrying non-nuclear payloads, the Soviet Union invested heavily in a multi-tier air defence system, consisting of several new mobile SAMs, to cover all altitude ranges and protect ground forces. An entirely conventional conflict, it proved that nuclear weapons were not the be-all and end-all of warfare. This direction was soon changed with the beginning of the Korean War. Due to the apparent 'obsolescence' of conventional arms, however, relatively little development took place to field mobile battlefield air defences. Numerous long-range, high-altitude SAM systems, such as the S-25 Berkut and S-75 Dvina, were rapidly developed and fielded to counter this large vulnerability. The advent of long range, high altitude, nuclear-armed American bombers, capable of penetrating Soviet airspace at heights and speeds unreachable and unmatchable by anti-aircraft guns and most interceptors, appeared to render every conventional weapon obsolete at a stroke.

The end of World War II led to a major shift in Soviet defence policy. US$120,000 (launcher with 5 missiles, export price to Libya, 1972–1973) ġ5 kg (33.1 lb) (system, ready to fire) ġ.15 kg directed-energy blast fragmentation warhead (Strela-2M), 370 g HE content Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present) ( Sinai insurgency) Man portable surface-to-air missile launcher KBM Kolomna 9K32M Strela-2M (SA-7b) missile and canister

Super p launcher